
When your ear hurts, or a story about acute otitis media.
Most of us have had acute inflammation of the middle ear at least once in our lives. The pain experienced then is hard to compare with any other. It is a very unpleasant sensation. The child is often unable to even identify and show where it hurts. It is difficult for a parent to recognize what is happening and it depends on the doctor’s vigilance to make the correct diagnosis. This time the story is about how such an infection occurs and a few words about the symptoms and treatment of this ailment.
What is acute otitis media?
Acute otitis media is an inflammatory process that involves the structures of the middle ear – the space between the outer and inner ear. The disease develops suddenly and may often be preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection. It has a very different course, depending on the age of the patient.
What causes acute otitis media?
The most common route of infection is through the pharynx and the Eustachian tube (ascending route). Exceptionally, pathogens attack through the outer ear (through perforation or ventilation drains of the tympanic membrane).
In most cases, the infection is mixed: viral-bacterial. The bacteria causing this infection are mainly: Steptococcus pneumoniae – 36.7%, Haemofilus influenzae – 31.7%, Moraxella catarrhalis – 18.7%. In many healthy children, these bacteria live in the nasopharynx. Their presence in the throat during viral infection significantly increases the risk of otitis media.
Will my child get otitis media?
Not every cold ends with otitis. The occurrence of this infection is favored by dysfunction of the Eustachian tube. Otitis media in children is noticeably more common as the Eustachian tube is only gradually developing. This process is hampered by common at this age infections of the upper respiratory tract and adenoid hypertrophy. Other factors that may affect the incidence of the disease include: immature immune system or immunity disorders, male gender, genetic predisposition, lack of breastfeeding, high exposure to viruses and bacteria in nurseries and kindergartens, use of pacifiers by children who move independently, time of year – fall-winter period, craniofacial defects (Eustachian tube dysfunction), allergy.
Is it a common disease?
Most children get acute otitis media at least once in their life. The peak incidence occurs between 6 and 18 months of age and clearly decreases after the age of 7. Only 10% of them occur after the age of 15. Unfortunately, in some children under 2 years of age the problem recurs many times (up to several times within 6-12 months).
What are the symptoms of acute otitis media?
Usually the patient has an upper respiratory tract infection – he has a runny nose, cough or a worse appetite.
The most common symptom of otitis is severe pain that often occurs at night. It usually last for one day. However, in young children or in children with a recurrent problem, pain may not be present!
Older children may report a feeling of fullness in their ear, and they may hear less.
Fever occurs only a quarter of the cases – again – not always!
In infants, there are mainly general symptoms – fever, crying, sleep disturbances, vomiting, sometimes diarrhea and leakage of purulent discharge from the ear.
As the range and variability of symptoms is large, only a medical examination helps to establish the diagnosis.
How is acute otitis treated in children?
The basis is the principle of “watchful observation“. Therefore, follow-up visits are necessary so that the doctor can assess the condition of the ear by means of an otoscopic examination. The treatment usually begins with the administration of painkillers and antipyretics (ibuprofen, paracetamol). Antibiotic is obligatory in the following cases:
- Babies <6. month of life
- children with high fever and vomiting
- with leakage from the ear
- <2. years of age with bilateral acute otitis media
- from the increased risk group – recurrent otitis media, craniofacial defects, immune disorders, Down syndrome, sensorineural hearing impairment
- patients with limited access to medical care
- in the absence of improvement after the 24-48 hour symptomatic treatment period.
In rare cases, an incision of the eardrum may be necessary – paracentesis.
Is this disease dangerous?
Most cases resolve without complications or permanent sequelae, even with perforation (rupture of the eardrum). But the localization of inflammation can lead to intra-temporal (mastoiditis, paresis or paralysis of the VII nerve, labyrinthitis) and intracranial (meningitis or inflammation of CNS structures) complications. Assessment of hearing is important in children with recurrent problems.